Nano-indentation instrumented tests are carried out at shallow depths on PAN-based and MPP-based carbon fibres. Indentation moduli are obtained by performing the tests at ten different measured orientations with respect to the fibre axis. They are used to identify the elastic constants of the fibres, assuming a transversely isotropic behaviour, by minimising a cost function between measured and estimated values. Inconstancies between the identified in-plane shear and transverse moduli and reported literature values are pointed out, and some drawbacks of the nano-indentation method are highlighted. An improved method taking into account the buckling mechanisms of crystallites at stake during the indentation process, and visible in the hysteretic behaviour of force-penetration nanoindentation curves, is proposed. It allows to identify values of elastic constants that are in accordance with literature values. These elastic properties of carbon fibres are in turn used to estimate the elastic properties of epoxy matrix composites containing these fibres. Very good agreement is found with experimentally available values of unidirectional ply properties. An excellent correlation between experiments and Finite Element Analyses of the indentation response of carbon fibres is eventually found.

The aim of this communication is to analyse the influence of water activity and total pressure on water evaporation. The system is composed of liquid and gas phases, separated by a plane surface, contained in a cylinder whose volume is regulated by a piston. Water activity is regulated by saturated salt solutions and pressure by the piston. The experimental device and procedures were defined to limit the temperature variation at the interface. A transient method is used. From a steady state, a volume increment is imposed; the resulting non-equilibrium leads to an increase in the partial pressure of water vapour to the equilibrium pressure imposed by the solution. Numerical calculation shows little variation in temperature in the gas-liquid interface under the experimental conditions. An evaporation model is adopted taking into account chemical potential discontinuity at the interface. The surface flux evaporation and chemical potential jump at the interface are deducted from the total pressure recording. In the neighbourhood of equilibrium, the surface flux of phase change is shown to be proportional to the chemical potential jump. The surface coefficient of evaporation increases with the total pressure of the gas phase and water activity.

Interest in eco-composites incorporating elements from recycling is growing to reduce the carbon footprint of final products. Therefore, the characterisation surface properties of recycled fibres is of first importance. However, in order to maximise the service properties and facilitate their development, chemical surface treatments can be made in order to improve fibres compatibility with resins. For a better understanding of the behaviour of these new reinforcements during Liquid Composite Moulding processes (LCM), surface analysis and wetting properties are studied. However, this type of analysis, using the Owens and Wendt relation and based on tensiometric methods, requires special procedures, specifically for estimation of the contact angle. Based on two tensiometric methods, carbon and basalt fibres with different sizing are characterised in first approach, in order to be able to address recycled materials in further studies. The main contribution of this study is to evaluate the error in surface energy and its components determination associated to the measurement of an alleged equilibrium contact angle deriving from static or quasi-static data.